The later, the more expensive
A defect costs more the later it is detected. Fixing an error in the requirements is cheap; fixing that same defect once it is in production can cost much more, plus reputational damage. That is why early testing (principle 3) is key.
Shift-left
'Shift-left' means moving quality activities to the left of the lifecycle, i.e. towards the early phases. Reviewing requirements and designing tests early prevents defects from progressing.
The cost of quality includes prevention and appraisal (what we invest to avoid and detect defects) versus the cost of failures (what it costs when the defect reaches the user).
What does 'shift-left' mean in QA?
Why is it best to detect defects as early as possible?